http://www.swissnephro.org/blog daily 0.75 2023-12-22 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2023/9/14/sdna-calculator-advanced monthly 0.5 2024-07-29 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2023/9/14/standard-delta-sodium-calculator monthly 0.5 2024-07-29 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2022/10/15/non-steady-state-kidney-function-calculator monthly 0.5 2023-01-14 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2022/7/3/confirming-hypotonicity monthly 0.5 2022-07-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/488307cf-9a8c-41dd-a12a-8c1fed5f19ec/%40swissnephro+confirming+hypotonicity+in+hyponatremia Blog - Confirming hypotonicity in hyponatremia - Make it stand out * “Translocational” hyponatremia (hyperglycemia) ** Pseudohyponatremia (due to hyperproteinemia/hyperlipidemia) *** Check osmolar gap to exclude rare presence of unaccounted effective osmolytes (eg mannitol). http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2022/2/9/renal-creatinine-clearance-in-patients-on-dialysis monthly 0.5 2022-02-09 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/7/20/urine-tests-in-hyponatremia monthly 0.5 2021-07-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1626778151013-K1OAYBUJMFYMOZCPYAPH/Figure+2.jpg Blog - Urine Diagnostics in Hyponatremia - Make it stand out Check out the The Hyponatremia Menu for a general approach to differential diagnosis and therapy of hypotonic hyponatremia. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1626781281778-H5NI8LF1H4TJCZO6YTK4/Urine+tests+of+hyponatremia+%40swissnephro.png Blog - Urine Diagnostics in Hyponatremia - Make it stand out Urine Tests of Hyponatremia: Free water excretion rate (FWER), urine osmolality and urea excretion rate (UER) and their relationship to the general mechanisms of low free water excretion. Note, that all three tests give quantitatively continuous results. CER creatinine excretion rate, P-Osm plasma osmolality, RR reference range https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1626988959656-3S7PWBRC3ARMAVZYHYTM/Case+%40swissnephro.png Blog - Urine Diagnostics in Hyponatremia - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1626864806438-HLIW42TWJHRNH9VV9IXA/Sodium+potassium+%40swissnephro.png Blog - Urine Diagnostics in Hyponatremia - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/6/25/hyponatremia-infusion-plots-edelman-in-pictures monthly 0.5 2021-06-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624618267532-B4OFMXQDDMNQ6RYGZK3D/Contourplot.png Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures Contour plots are a way to show a three-dimensional surface on a two-dimensional plane. They graph two predictor variables on the x- and y-axis and a response variable as contours of certain values. They are widely used in cartography, where contour lines on a topological map indicate elevations that are the same. (See here) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624603131493-07BWTMHKT58TAGECZCXF/NaCl3pc150.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 150cc of Hypertonic Saline (3%). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624603251788-4X61H802U2NBL0ZK7Q6X/NaCl3pc500.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 500cc of Hypertonic Saline (3%). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624603820013-J0FF7J2Q4RUMG2P9SCM5/G5pc500.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 500cc of Water or Glucose solution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624603867838-RC9YNQLOKJFHADQ9AH4J/G5pc1000.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 500cc of Water or Glucose solution. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624604065302-OYEI82VHYQ59VEDBTGPD/NaCl09pc1000.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 1000cc of Normal Saline. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624604107228-PXY14H0O0345UHHH319E/RL1000.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 1000cc of Lactated Ringer’s. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624604137709-6A7ZPI06Z7DP2YJ485UJ/NaBic14pc1000.jpg Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Expected change in plasma sodium concentration (in mmol/l) solely due to 1000cc of 1.4% Sodium Bicarbonate. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624706854110-47O3ODBCNL3KMCSXXM8P/20151202_102654000_iOS.png Blog - Hyponatremia Infusion Plots - Edelman in Pictures - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/6/18/rethinking-hyponatremia-a-new-framework-for-clinical-practice monthly 0.5 2022-07-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624039325151-D7EKZIMTD7998KM652VG/Figure+2.jpg Blog - Rethinking hyponatremia - a new framework for clinical practice - The Hyponatremia Menu The Hyponatremia Menu: Choose and combine all that applies! https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624037096463-LIWJDZY4BP4BKDOJ84PX/Box+1.png Blog - Rethinking hyponatremia - a new framework for clinical practice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1624038201765-MLV32MY8U5ABH95BO6L0/Box+2.png Blog - Rethinking hyponatremia - a new framework for clinical practice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/94d36e7b-34df-438b-a6dd-1791848f3885/image-asset.png Blog - Rethinking hyponatremia - a new framework for clinical practice - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/6/9/dosing-urea-in-hyponatremia monthly 0.5 2021-06-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1623274113696-S0I1882ZNUJQA8NLS239/%40swissnephro+urea+dosing Blog - How to Dose Urea in Hyponatremia - Make it stand out Figure 1. Contour plot demonstrating the expected increase in plasma-[Na] due to a 30g urea dose as a function of baseline plasma-[Na] (x-axis) and urine osmolality (y-axis). Total body water set at 41.5 liters. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/4/22/kdigo-aki-classification-with-standard-7-day-creatinine-and-48-hours-creatinine-values monthly 0.5 2021-06-17 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/4/1/urine-calculations monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/3/28/blood-gas-calculator monthly 0.5 2021-03-31 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/3/28/dysnatremia-tables-online monthly 0.5 2021-06-17 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/3/21/cystinuria-calculator-webversion monthly 0.5 2021-03-31 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/3/2/the-non-steady-state-ckd-epi-calculator monthly 0.5 2021-03-12 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/2/18/backward-calculation-of-creatinine-from-egfr-the-reverse-egfr-to-creatinine-calculator monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/2/12/one-stop-calculator-for-body-surface-area-creatinine-excretion-rate-total-body-water-and-body-mass-index monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2021/1/15/estimating-gfr-the-european-kidney-function-consortium-ekfc-equation monthly 0.5 2023-09-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1610742930681-TG4PCWEJN0NRYRR4YDDE/Figure+2+EKFC+Buchkremer Blog - Estimating GFR - the European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) equation http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2018/4/14/a-systematic-approach-to-the-urinary-sediment monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1523741809394-KW7VQBNEM67F59O04ZRF/Site+of+injury+urinary+sediment+Florian+Buchkremer+%40swissnephro.jpg Blog - A Systematic Approach to the Urinary Sediment Table 1. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2017/4/18/the-estimated-glucose-threshold-etmggfr-a-helpful-concept-in-sglt2-inhibition monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492499007771-AA9SAJX7Y9HASURI139T/Fractional+excretion+tubular+reabsorption+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 1. Formulas for calculating the fractional excretion (FE) and the fractional tubular reabsorption (TR) of a substance Z. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492614603915-VW060CTJWWAF3YMAPPYA/Filtered+load+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 2. The filtered load (FL) of a sustance Z, the amount filtered by the glomeruli, is given by the above formula. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492615400641-GU1LBN2T26NLLQO67EUZ/Tubular+glucose+flux+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig 3. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492499208577-RMRBSRQK3717F63KOKKU/Derivation+TmG%2FGFR+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 4. How to derive the glucose threshold concentration (TmG/GFR) from the filtered load (FL). The rectangular brackets [ ] signify concentrations. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492499237770-CEFG9P6EC8E47YPRJM2Z/Estimation+TmG%2FGFR+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 5. Estimating the tubular threshold for glucose (eTmG/GFR). FE fractional excretion, TR tubular reabsorption. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492615328110-97OZRA866OJA1B27BNAA/Glucose+splay+1+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 6a. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492615294900-HUX956WJMPH30FAGCDMT/Glucose+splay+2+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 6b. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1492615076765-YBQZCGYQBIV9HC5QY7FH/Glucose+splay+3+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - The estimated glucose threshold (eTmG/GFR) - a helpful tool in SGLT2 Inhibition? Fig. 6c. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2017/2/25/cystine-crystals-gallery monthly 0.5 2021-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043658896-ZWW9P70NP13LWHBYD3CE/FullSizeRender.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine Crystal 01 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043668978-A98TDIR8ZJGM0ZO9Y4PS/FullSizeRender+2.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 02 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043691167-WZI9V5SVBHHJ9UWWSM28/FullSizeRender+12.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 03 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043698774-IQL822WNE5WCSXKKLQ9I/FullSizeRender+13.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 04 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043712535-FO603GTAEFQXKMXOUI8V/FullSizeRender+14.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 05 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043733992-HJ0Q3WBHB5KLQP5XVMJP/FullSizeRender+Kopie+4.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 06 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043747417-K33BOWQWCLEAECJ2AVB5/FullSizeRender+15.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 07 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043755490-9662LV1ND4PD1XUX8SX6/FullSizeRender+16.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 08 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043789004-CMACSJFHVS754JG1UEJ1/FullSizeRender+5.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 09 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043819462-IX5MQ5H0YYPHBLX1MOW2/FullSizeRender+Kopie.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 10 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043859950-YVQIPVQ27OJFR6Z0LU51/FullSizeRender+Kopie+2.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 11 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043869225-VW3SUSQR8GQ0WXF8ZEBV/FullSizeRender+Kopie+3.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 12 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043912246-SA0FSP81E268A9MQQ0GR/FullSizeRender+3.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 13 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488043921322-3UYNJW0PKV8380CQA5Z0/FullSizeRender+4.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 14 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488059662032-7T886GVQUNIXNRSKXKS9/FullSizeRender+6.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 15 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1488059745316-6UX3TXGXLNTX2MLLY0OR/FullSizeRender+7.jpg Blog - Cystine Crystal Gallery - Cystine crystal 16 swissnephro Florian Buchkremer http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2017/1/19/identifying-crystals-in-the-urinary-sediment monthly 0.5 2017-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1484865769294-OHT810CMT1NSN3N9VJ3Z/Uric+acid+crystals+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Identifying Crystals in the Urinary Sediment Fig. 1. Different forms of uric acid crystals (all by bright field microscopy). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1484863229613-31FI96U6CXB4A99AXA6K/Dumbbell+crystals+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Identifying Crystals in the Urinary Sediment Fig. 2. Dumbbell-shaped crystals. Left composed of uric acid, right calcium oxalate monohydrate. (upper part bright field, lower left phase contrast, lower right polarized light). http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2016/3/27/cystinuria-stones-and-crystals monthly 0.5 2016-04-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1459083942493-0AK22CN482WVA5KH3VIM/Cystine+stones+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Cystinuria - Stones and Crystals Fig. 1. Cystine stones (scale 2cm total) . https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1459083961696-2R5TIZKEE0TD66IFLCPC/Cystine+stones+CloseUpA+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Cystinuria - Stones and Crystals Fig. 2. Close-up A. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1459083978822-2O4V89XHZHIPN15ANF40/Cystine+stones+CloseUpB+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Cystinuria - Stones and Crystals Fig. 3. Close-up B. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1459084088551-GBEUHFS7EPR6BC8W3TDD/Cystine+crystal+urine+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Cystinuria - Stones and Crystals Fig. 4. Cystine crystal in urinary sediment (phase contrast, x400).  https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1459084099525-7CAW2T8Z6U1YNIQUBD8Q/Cystine+crystal+urine+polarized+light+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Cystinuria - Stones and Crystals Fig. 5. Cystine crystal in polarized light showing medium-intensity birefringence (x400). http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2016/3/10/liver-doppler-ultrasound-increased-pulsatility-in-portal-vein-flow monthly 0.5 2016-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457620904392-A0KTKUZRYD8WQK52TJ91/Normal+Portal+Vein+Flow+1+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 1. A normal monophasic portal vein flow pattern. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457621006649-SU9EV971JF139OAB5VKS/Normal+Portal+Vein+Flow+2+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 2. Another example of normal flow in the portal vein. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457622436221-83TLG0FY3UG0XYXEZC8V/Pulsatile+Portal+Vein+Flow+1+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 3. Pulsatile portal vein flow. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457622348661-ODR8SJQ9J5905GUIPQ7T/Pulsatile+Portal+Vein+Flow+2+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 4. Increased pulsatility in a patient with tricuspid regurgitation. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457622810036-4201GEE2EGU6SHKZ5W6Q/Triphasic+Portal+Vein+Flow+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 5. Triphasic, tetrainflectional flow in the portal vein caused by severe right-heart failure. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457623218791-V49XLRH93Y2NHZY656KM/Triphasic+Portal+Vein+Flow+Labels+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Liver Doppler Ultrasound - Pulsatility in Portal Vein Flow Fig. 6. Portal vein flow shown in figure 5 (upper part) and its mirror image (lower part), which perfectly matches a central venous flow pattern typical of right-sided heart failure +/- tricuspid regurgitation. The flow waves are labeled in accordance to central venous pressure wave nomenclature. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2016/3/3/digiscoping-urine-amorphous-phosphates monthly 0.5 2018-03-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457045325224-KU5XQU2IV4JJ0AETO1PT/Amorphous+phosphates+1+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 1. Amorphous phosphates (shiny elements) by phase-contrast microscopy (x400). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457045309186-BWO3V81B7QWGPPO6AUY5/Amorphous+phosphates+2+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 2. Same section by bright-field microscopy (x400). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457046250718-KTAGX2RXTCPWYMUTN50S/Amorphous+phosphates+3+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 3. White sediment typical of amorphous phosphates. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457046104868-Q88LNWJST9WOGMBBBODG/Amorphous+phosphates+Pseudocast+1+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 4. Phosphate pseudocast (phase contrast, x400). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457045998842-JNMKLSA15THBYQJ3JL8W/Amorphous+Phosphates+Pseudocast+3+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 6. Another phosphate pseudocast (phase contrast, x400). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457046114357-L01FPPTDQ2X1WQPIUAC0/Amorphous+phosphates+Pseudocast+2+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 5. Bright field (x400). Note the missing cast matrix. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1457045983357-OZQ3F4CVVMD8DRKIWKJA/Amorphous+Phosphates+Pseudocast+4+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Amorphous Phosphates Figure 7. Bright field (x400). http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2016/2/12/renal-ultrasound-cortical-nephrocalcinosis monthly 0.5 2016-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1455318995272-AIG79SHXH159ZN6EUO34/Renal+anatomy+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Renal Ultrasound - Cortical Nephrocalcinosis Figure 1. Kidney model depicting renal medulla ("pyramids") and cortex with interpyramidal renal columns ("columns of Bertin"). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1455319564911-9E3QOEU6EX2RPS81AI6W/Cortical+nephrocalcinosis+Alport+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Renal Ultrasound - Cortical Nephrocalcinosis Figure 2. Cortical nephrocalcinosis in a patient with Alport syndrome. The renal cortex displays an intensely hyperechogenic outer rim, which extends into the renal columns. (see captions in Figure 4) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1455321113033-EJKQNHHFPBZ6LTOTGOTV/Cortical+nephrocalcinosis+twinkling+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Renal Ultrasound - Cortical Nephrocalcinosis Figure 3. Diffuse "twinkling" of the hyperechogenic rim. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1455445747761-144NGB8TJ20XB4J5869J/Cortical+nephrocalcinosis+caption+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Renal Ultrasound - Cortical Nephrocalcinosis Figure 4. Detail of Figure 2. Surface of the kidney marked by red line, pyramids shaded blue. Red arrows highlight hyperechogenic renal columns. http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2016/1/16/hemoglobin-casts monthly 0.5 2016-03-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1452977650179-RAU3JUHM4JWSXDJPDN3E/Hemoglobin+cast+1+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Hemoglobin Casts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1452978067461-ZAOBJNT5UYO49IQZIGSL/Hemoglobin+cast+3+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Hemoglobin Casts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1452977721947-ONW8QPXUM0RGAMF90UDR/Hemoglobin+cast+2+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Hemoglobin Casts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1452978322149-5OX2JSTV4LYUFKY6CEVU/Hemoglobin+cast+4+swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Digiscoping Urine - Hemoglobin Casts http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2015/12/11/quantitatively-sound-management-of-hyper-or-hyponatremia monthly 0.5 2021-06-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1449875318155-54QOQE7I5K2UTN5EZT6F/Edelman1+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Dysnatremia Tables The relationship between P-[Na] and the amount of exchangeable sodium and potassium and the TBW. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1449959650148-XB0OCY4QI8YVLC6V3WBV/Edelman+equation+Nguyen+%40swissnephro+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Dysnatremia Tables The Edelman equation as published by Nguyen and Kurtz (Ref. 2). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1451690102508-6BQ1YSA1FP0LNFQXQEYS/swissnephrokalk+Dysnatremia+Tables+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Dysnatremia Tables swissnephrokalk Dysnatremia Tables https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1451691297395-FZ6LV2CV1COYA1WAHA7S/swissnephrokalk+Dysnatremia+Examples+Florian+Buchkremer Blog - Dysnatremia Tables Trust me, this only looks complicated! http://www.swissnephro.org/blog/2015/7/19/cystinuria-calculator monthly 0.5 2018-03-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/546d1156e4b03a986e5d6015/1437339938288-AJSX6UQ67EU2R85TMSX4/swissnephrokalk+Cystinuria Blog - 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